Science

New Horizon – Journey to Pluto

Published

3 months ago

May 22, 2018

On July 4, 2015, a NASA spacecraft called New Horizons was 5 billion kilometers away from Earth. It was only 10 days away from Pluto, after flying for 9.5 years, when it suddenly dropped out of contact. But let’s back up a little.

As of 1989, mankind had successfully sent a craft to every known planet in the solar system except one—Pluto. You may have heard that astronomers don’t consider Pluto or its brethren to be planets. However, most planetary scientists still do, which is why we’re using that terminology here. There’s a limited amount we can learn about Pluto from Earth because it’s so far from us.

Pluto, however, is a scientific goldmine. It’s located in a region called the Kuiper Belt, home to many small planets, hundreds of thousands of ancient icy objects, and trillions of comets. This mysterious region holds clues to the formation of our solar system, and it was long, tantalizingly beyond our reach.

New Horizon

Until New Horizons. Its objectives were to explore Pluto, collect as much scientific data as possible, transmit it back to Earth, then explore farther out in the Kuiper Belt. To achieve this, the New Horizons team outfitted their craft with even state-of-the-art scientific instruments. Those included Ralph, a set of cameras powerful enough to capture features the size of city blocks in Manhattan from tens of thousands of kilometers away. And REX, designed to use radio waves to measure Pluto’s atmospheric pressure and temperature. All of the onboard equipment had to be built to be both reliable and lightweight because New Horizons had an additional challenge; it had to reach its target as fast as possible. Why?

New Horizon

Around 2020, Pluto will reach a point in its orbit where its atmosphere could freeze. And due to the tilt of its axis, more and more of Pluto’s surface is shrouded in darkness every year. Pluto completes a full orbit once every 248 Earth years, so it would be a long wait for the next prime opportunity to visit. To see how New Horizons got to Pluto in time, let’s jump to its launch.

The launch of New Horizon

Its three rocket stages accelerated New Horizons to such great speeds that it crossed the 400,000 kilometers to the moon in just nine hours. About a year later, the craft reached Jupiter and got what’s called a gravity assist. That’s where it flies close enough to the gas giant to receive a gravitational slingshot effect. New Horizons was then flying at around 50,000 kilometers per hour, as it would for the next eight years to cross the remaining gulf to Pluto. Going at such an astonishing speed meant that slowing down to get into orbit or land would’ve been impossible. That’s why New Horizons was on a flyby mission, where it would get just one chance to scream by Pluto and make its observations. The flyby would have to be fully automated since, at that distance, any signals to guide it from Earth would take 4.5 hours to reach it. So the team loaded the ship’s computer with a series of thousands of commands, called the core load, that would begin to execute when the craft was 6.5 days from Pluto.

But when New Horizons was just ten days out, disaster almost struck. Ground control lost contact with the spacecraft. After two nerve-wracking hours, New Horizons came back online, but mission control discovered that its main computer had rebooted, losing the entire core load and other critical data. Without that, it would soon whizz by Pluto with virtually nothing to show for the mission. Alice Bowman, the mission’s Operations Manager, led a team for 72 sleepless hours to get the instructions loaded back into New Horizons in time. Without room for a single error, she and her team pulled it off, and New Horizons began taking and broadcasting breathtaking images.

Pluto’s Color image by New Horizon

Those observations have revealed a delightfully varied world, with ground fogs, high altitude hazes, possible clouds, canyons, towering mountains, faults, craters, polar caps, glaciers, apparent dune fields, suspected ice volcanoes, evidence for past flowing liquids, and more. One of the most exciting discoveries is the 1000-kilometer-wide Sputnik Planitia glacier.

Sputnik Planitia Glaciers

Sputnik Planitia is mainly composed of slowly churning frozen nitrogen, and we’ve never seen anything like it in our solar system. It is around 1050 by 800 kilometers of patch full of ice. It is assumed that it was created by an impact basin which helped in collet all the ice and makes those glacials.

Sputnik Planitia by New Horizon

The exploration of Pluto was a great success, but New Horizons isn’t done yet. On January 1, 2019, it’ll break its own record for the furthest explored object when it visits a Kuiper Belt Object called 2014 MU69, which is orbiting the sun another billion kilometers farther away than Pluto. The world is holding its breath to see what it’ll find there.

Hope you liked the journey to Pluto. Do share your views on what you think about Pluto. Also, subscribe to our newsletter and the notification.

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CIMON – AI Robot onboard at ISS

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Do you Dream? Why? – Explained

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Day in Short

Todays News: WhatsApp on Fake News, $100 Billion sales of Microsost

Published

4 weeks ago

July 20, 2018

Kartik Dhaduk

Wait for today’s big headlines is over. Without any delay… Let’s start.

New Rs. 100 note to be issued

New 100Rs. Note

The Reserve Bank of India has announced that they will be soon circulating the new Rs. 100 denomination notes which will be of lavender color. This new notes which will have the motif of Gujarat’s archeological site named ‘Rani ni vav’ on the reverse which will be showing the culture of India. The dimensions for this note will be 66 mm by 142 mm.

Search YouTube videos by hashtags

Youtube Hashtags

Google-owned one of the most used video sharing site will now have a feature which will allow users to search using hashtags. This hashtags will be in the description titles and on clicking them, videos related to the hashtags will be shown. This feature is only available in Android and on the web.

NTPC to take Rs. 1,500 crore loan

NTPC

NTPC which is one of the largest producers to power in India has signed to take an Rs. 1500 crore loan from HDFC bank for the term of 15 years. It is said that this loan will be used in financing the capital expenditure of the NTPC.

WhatsApp gave the second notice

After a lot of lynching through the rumors and fake news transmitted through WhatsApp, the government has drafted a second notice to WhatsApp asking to provide better solutions to stop the propagation of fake news. As they can even face legal actions in case of mute spectators.

WhatsApp to limit message forwarding

Forwarding

After the government providing second notice on to find a solution for stopping propagation of fake news, WhatsApp is planning to limit the message forwarding to 5 users at a time which can become a good solution. And they are also planning to remove the forward shortcut button which is available against all the media messages.

Rs. 1484 crore spent on Modi’s foreign visits

Foreign Trip Expense

We all know Modi is traveling many counties from the year 2014, and till now he has traveled to 84 countries and these trips have coated Rs. 1484 crore which includes spending on charter flights, maintenance of the aircraft and hotline service. This figure does not include the hotline service charged of the year 2017-18 and also do not include the charted flight costs of the year 2018-19. Amongst the cost given above, Rs. 1088 crore was spent on the aircraft maintenance only.

WhatsApp to design course for Indians

After the increase in the incidents related to the fake news propagation through WhatsApp, WhatsApp with the help of a few partners is planning to design a course for Indians which help the users to spot the fake news. And to face this issue, earlier Whatsapp has also given a full page guideline in the newspaper regarding the ways of spotting the fake news.

Microsoft crosses $100 billion sales

Microsoft

It has been a magnificent year for Microsoft as they are able to surpass the milestone of $100 billion sales for the first time in their history of 43 years. Major sales of the Microsoft co sisted of the cloud services which recorded a revenue of $23 billion over the year.

NASA observes planet being consumed

NASA reports for first time

For the first time in history, NASA is being able to see the parent star consuming it’s planet’s debris from the Chandra X-Ray Observatory of NASA. This parent star is around 450 light years far from earth and has started consuming the debris which is filled by a planet collision.

Robotics

CIMON – AI Robot onboard at ISS

Published

2 months ago

June 30, 2018

Rajan Surani

Early morning on Friday, SpaceX has launched its 15th cargo shipment to the International Space Station (ISS) on its Falcon 9 rocket. This supplies included food and water for the six astronauts at the ISS and also an AI-powered robot which is to be a ‘crew member’ at ISS.

This robot is named as CIMON which stands for Crew Interactive Mobile Companion. Taking a look at this AI robot, it is designed like a volleyball which has a computer screen on it. This screen displays a cartoon face which will be helpful in interaction with the astronauts. CIMON includes 14 fans in it which will function to take the air of space station in and expelled it to move in the direction it wants. And it is due to this propeller like fans that CIMON will be able to float or levitate in the space station.

CIMON

CIMON is combinedly developed by IBM and Airbus to be used in Germany’s national space station and aims to see that can AI robots and astronauts can cooperate in the space station to make their living easy. Before sending CIMON on board to ISS it has been tested in a parabolic flight which is like an airplane which moves in a particular path to create moments of weightlessness. CIMON is also trained with onboard ISS astronaut Alexender Gerst many times which will help AI robot in identifying his face and voice more effectively. Moreover, according to makers, CIMON can easily interact with all the astronauts easily without any hassle.

Also Read: Best Laptops for College Journey

Once CIMON is onboard at ISS, Gerst will be taking help of CIMON for a couple of science experiments as a guide by displaying pictures and videos related to it. CIMON can be asked questions related to experiments. For now, CIMON is just meant to test the AI companion technology and for this reasons, CIMON will be interacting with the crew for just three hours.

Alongside CIMON, theirs also an instrument send to ISS which will help in monitoring the temperature of plants on Earth once attached outside the space station. This instrument will help us in monitoring the stress level of plants and also their water requirement fulfillment. Also, there will be a latching arm mechanism which will be attached to Canada’s robotic arm.

FALCON 9

For this mission, SpaceX is using Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon. This will be the third time when SpaceX is using the refurbished Falcon 9 and Dragon. The dragon was last used in July 2016 and Falcon 9 was used in April this year. For SpaceX, it will be a record that it is able to make Falcon 9 ready for flight in just two and a half month after it was landed on one of the companies drone ships. This is will if the last flight for Falcon 9 Block 4, after this it will be replaced by a much powerful Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket which is even more efficient at launching, landing and reusing.

Also Read: New Horizon – Journey to Pluto

SpaceX has scheduled the launch of Falcon 9 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida at 5:42 AM ET on Friday and Dragon will be set out for space station after three days on Monday at 7 AM ET. If the weather conditions are not favored for the launch on Friday, the backup launch is scheduled on Sunday at 4:54 AM ET.

NASA’s live stream for this launch will start at 5:15 AM ET on Friday while that of SpaceX’s broadcast will start before 20 minutes of launch.

Mention your views about the AI robots in the space and also about the CIMON.

Mysteries Unfolded

Do you Dream? Why? – Explained

Published

3 months ago

May 20, 2018

Rajan Surani

While we sleep at night, most of us see dreams. Some which we like and somewhat we do not. But do you know why you see dreams? We will tell you today why you see dreams. Without wasting your time, let us start. Why do we dream? What’s going on inside our brains?

The scientific study of dreaming is called oneirology. And for most of history, it didn’t really exist, because you can’t hold a dream. It’s difficult to measure a dream, you can’t taste it. You can’t see other people’s dreams, and if you ask them to tell you what they dreamt, the results are almost always unreliable. In fact, it’s estimated that we forget 95 percent of the dreams we have, especially within the first ten minutes of having them.

But then, in 1952, something amazing happened. Researchers at the University of Chicago found something new. It’s a unique type of electrical activity that occurs during a certain stage of a person sleeping. When researchers awoke people during this stage, they almost always reported that they had been dreaming. Also, at the same time, during this stage, people’s eyeballs are going crazy, rapidly darting all over the place underneath their eyelids. You can actually see this happening if you watch people sleep. This Rapid Eye Moment is the reason why it is called REM Sleep.

Imaging of Electric Impulse

During REM sleep, some pretty bizarre stuff happens. If you look at the electrical activity of a brain that is in REM sleep, it almost exactly mimics the way the brain acts when it’s awake. It is also call “paradox sleep” The biggest difference being that the production of chemicals inside the brain like norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine is almost completely blocked, and that causes the muscles to stop moving, which is why you can dream about flying or running around or fighting ninjas, but your body doesn’t move.

People who have a disorder achieving complete REM atopia move around in their sleep and act out their dreams. They can even get out of bed and sleepwalk. Oh, before we move forward, I should say two things.

One is that it’s possible to wake up and not be able to move your body because you’re still in REM atopia. You’re completely conscious and you know that you’re awake, but your body is not ready to move. On the flip side, you can also be inside a dream and know that you’re dreaming. This phenomenon is known as lucid dreaming, and it’s particularly attractive because while in an elusive dream, I can make conscious decisions about what I do. I can go fly to wherever I want, or I can have a tea party with Abraham Lincoln. I’m in control, but achieving an elusive dream is quite elusive.

Researchers were able to deprive mice of REM sleep by using a small cup inverted inside a tub of water, way up to the tippy top, meaning that the mouse was only able to sit right on top of this little tiny surface. When that happens, the mouse can still fall into non-REM sleep, but as soon as they reach REM sleep and their muscles relax, they fall off the platform into the water waking up.

What they found was that when mice are not allowed to achieve REM sleep, they have an incredible amount of trouble remembering things. This happens in humans too. If you have people remember word pairs and then you don’t allow them to sleep, the next day, their memory for that stuff is incredibly terrible.

But memory and REM does not stop there. If a person learns a difficult new task during the day, say a new instrument or a new type of difficult puzzle, you can measure the electrical activity in their brain while they do that, and then while they sleep that night, whether they know it or not, their brain replays those electronic impulses.

Many popular theories about why we dream are variations on the idea that while we sleep, the unconscious part of our brain is busy organizing memories and strengthening connections from the day before that we need in the future while getting rid of the junk that would otherwise clog the brain.

Now, so the theory goes, these electrical impulses are detected by our conscious brain, and our cortex freaks out.

It doesn’t know what it means, and so it tries its best to create a cohesive story, creating a dream. This would explain why dreams are often so fantastic and seemingly random. They’re not supposed to make sense, they’re not an actual message from our brain. It’s just the results of our cortexes trying to synthesize the noise coming from all the work being done back in the unconsciousness. Under this way of thinking, dreams are an epiphenomenon. They’re not a primary process that has a purpose. Instead, they’re the accidental result of a more important process going on behind the conscious brain.

Fantasy Stories of Dream

But some researchers don’t believe that. They believe the dreams serve a primary purpose, and that purpose is to prepare us for threats. They think this because the most prevalent emotions felt during dreams are negative. Abandonment, anger, and the most common of all, anxiety. The theory goes like this: back when we were early humans especially, we had no idea what kind of threats we might encounter during the day. And so, to prepare us, our brain would simulate anxieties while we slept to make us better prepared for that feeling in the real world. So people who had terrifying dreams were better at dealing with anxiety in the real world and had stronger genes. All right, so the theories we discussed today are quite popular, but they don’t really enjoy a consensus. Not everyone agrees with them, and they barely scratch the surface of scientific thought about dreams. But that’s kind of the cool thing about dreams.